THEORIES  for big issue 

Barthes - says in media we have codes and signs ( Barthes analyzes, his theories can be applied to various cultural forms such as photography, music, painting, and cultural events.)

Hall believes that the media reflects dominant ideologies  (majority of mass media artefacts) reinforce generally agreed messages around gender, culture/ ethnicity, consumerism, family, social class etc.Some artefacts are polysemic, but most have a limited number of readings, favouring a preferred audience reading. Some audiences take a negotiated position. A small minority might make an oppositional reading.(artefacts means an object made by a human being, typically one of cultural or historical interest.) 


Gauntlett- postmodern approach
-no fixed meaning
-might be intertextual (Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature that reflect and influence an audience's interpretation of the text. Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody.)


Gilroy and post- colonialism:
Diaspora originated from the movement of jewish people from middle east to europe, later USA refers now to movement of immigrants to the west


                                                                                Feminist theories

Van zoonen : Women’s bodies as objects

Men’s bodies as spectacle

Gender performativity: what we do rather than what we are

Gender is contextual

Bell Hooks : intersectionality. (Black female) audience to develop an “oppositional gaze.” This refuses to identify with characters

Big Issue

-1991 Gorden Roddick / Lord John Bird created Big issue

-a street magazine for homeless

"A Publishing Revolution"

-social enterprise is a business solution  that makes profit, but has social benefit

- it's a global magazine

- since 1991 they sold 200,000,000 copies just in the UK

- Expanded and extended their brand by having big issue shop and website, also Big issue invest in the other social enterprises

how it works 
- cost vendors £1.25 they sell it for £2.50 max theirs 2000 vendors 

big issue is a most widely circulated street paper

research planning

new start magazine

THREE SUCCESSFUL MAGAZINE PUBLISHERS

IPC- taken over by TIME INC (t.i) in 2014. T.I was part of the warner group, one of the biggest media conglomerate in the world. IPC decided this would be save their  magazine. Now T.I is part of meredith group, huge cross-media.

Barner Media-  German company, women's weekly, take a break, modern garden, TV choice (most sold uk magazine) Radio ,Tv, Digital ( kiss 4 music)  {conglomerate and global} 

Dennis- Felix Dennis 1974 who started it { independent } niche products kung fu, minecraft


without advertising, no magazine could survive! this mean the cover price will the be three or four time greater.

incomes for magazines comes from sales and advertising. on average advertising accounts for 70% of magazine income 

A magazine with a a small circulation is more dependent on advertising than one with a large circulation  

3) When did magazines start to circulate in the UK and give some examples of these early magazine.

Britain[edit]

The oldest consumer magazine still in print is The Scots Magazine, which was first published in 1739, though multiple changes in ownership and gaps in publication totalling over 90 years weaken that claim. Lloyd's List was founded in Edward Lloyd's England coffee shop in 1734; and though it's on-line platform is still updated daily it has not been published as a magazine since 2013 after 274 years^[5] Despite being among the first mass media outlets to venture from the bible, periodicals still remained rooted in the naturalised class and gender system held by European and American society.^[6]

Manufacturing of the early magazines were done via an archaic form of the printing press, using large hand-engraved wood blocks for printing.^[7] When production of magazines increased, entire production lines were created to manufacture these wooden blocks.^[7]

2) Why are magazines thought to be so important in the history of the mass media?

-From an advertising perspective, magazines allow messages to be highly targeted - magazines range from a specialised art publication that may reach 2,000 people to a mass publication that could reach 2-3 million people (People, Time Magazines). Magazines also offer a variety of audiences that may be highly targeted to men (Esquire) or women (Vogue), to luxury (Elite Traveler) to the everyday (Woman's Day). Magazine editorial can range from general (Newsweek) to highly specific (Cat Fancy) which offers lots of options for both consumers and advertisers. Categories include General Interest, Celebrity, Epicurean (food), Lifestyle, Service (advice), Fashion/Beauty, Shelter (home), Art, Music, Entertainment, Regional/Local/City, Business, Newsweekly, Newspaper Supplement, Health, Literary, Alternative/Independent, Travel, and Enthusiast (hobbies). Many of these can be categorised further as men's, women's or teen titles. Some target certain ethnic groups, language groups, or lifestyles.


1) list the different categories/ genres of magazine 

Vogue. Vogue Magazine. If you have to pick one magazine to mimic, pick Vogue. ...

• Elle. Elle Magazine. ...
• Harper's Bazaar. Harper's Bazaar. ...
• W. W Magazine. ...
• L'Officiel. L'Officiel Magazine. ...
• Jalouse. Jalouse Magazine. ...
• GQ Style. GQ Magazine. ...
• L'Officiel Hommes. L'Officiel Hommes.

            

similarity- same name, still has title heading, date, gender which they showed women
different- layout 2017 has a mid/close shot whereas the 1896 is long far shot and its painted. i have realised that the modern one show's the innocents of the model and true beauty, however the old one shows of the pictures as strong proud women who are brave

statement

website

https://orangejuicebeeni.wixsite.com/love-it